The Goals Of An Introductory Course Within Any Subject Field

The goal of an introductory course within any subject field is an ambitious one indeed: to introduce a group of students to a novel field of study. While that may seem simply accomplished, its complexity is borne out within its application. For instance, the field of philosophy represents a multitude of subcategories ranging from metaphysics to jurisprudence. However, within an introduction to philosophy course, instructors compress this ostensibly infinite subject matter into a finite number of weeks. So too, in the field of public administration that encompasses every corner of the body politic. That said, what utility is gained from such an extreme compression of information? I argue that the introduction to different divisions and different methodologies within a field of study helps establish foundational principles within the minds of those students. Within our exploration into the introductory themes within public administration, we have been exposed to concepts that, I believ e, are significant principles in an overarching understanding of the field. The principles are as follows: the differentiation of the public and private sector, the political nature of public administration, the intergovernmental environment of public administration, the variation in organizing within public organizations, and the role of ethics within public organizations. What follows is a brief elucidation of these concepts and their utility to frontline administrators. To begin, one mustShow MoreRelatedGrowing Up Digital By John Seely Brown1132 Words   |  5 Pagesof technology and increasing access to the Internet, â€Å"distance learning† , especially web-based learning has gained popularity and reached an unprecedented level in terms of the number of students enrolled in a single course. These online courses, MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) , threaten to overthrow the traditional mode of teaching and learning by offering free and accessible higher-level education to the general public regardless of the students’ background or financial circumstances. HoweverRead MoreA Response to Part Five of Albert Camus The Plague675 Words   |  3 PagesOur analysis of Alpaughs The Leap from Kitty Hawk shows that the writer did not make any reference regarding his approach within the paper. There is neither any insight as to what the paper introduces which would be valuable. The authors introductory paragraphs merely illustrate relevant co ntexts to the subject of his paper, however he does not define his goal in writing it. The subtitle assures us though that it is an historical perspective. However, that does not help in understanding the planRead MoreCertified Public Accountant ( Cpa )769 Words   |  4 PagesAccountant (CPA) certification is the most important certification, and the highest professional designation for accountants in the United States. This certification allows accountants to prove their profound expertise and knowledge in accounting field upon successful competition of a set of requirements and ultimately certifying them as qualified accountants. Among other distinguished certificates available to professional accountants that would be just as beneficial for their accounting careerRead MoreEssay on Architectural Engineering978 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effe ctive design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer’s goals are similar, there are manyRead MoreArchitectural Engineering994 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer s goals are similar, there areRead MoreBasic Understanding Of Statistics For Managers1553 Words   |  7 Pages Week 5 Assignment - Basic Understanding of Statistics Adam McCartney BUS308: Statistics for Managers Professor Donald Platine August 27th 2016 â€Æ' There was a single introductory course of statistics. We studied the basic principles of statistics to achieve the proper level of understanding. Sometimes the material didn’t come easily because statistics is largely grounded in mathematics. We learnt some basic theories in statistics and their practical applications without significant backgroundRead MoreThe Hot Zone By Richard Preston Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst learned about public health. Participants made mock congressional bills to be passed in a congress comprised of high school and college students in order to implement a national change. My mock bill advocated for the incorporation of HIV tests within annual physicals. The purpose of this bill was to ensure that more people became knowledgeable about their status and with this knowledge, HIV positive individuals can receive care faster and take proactive measures to prevent infecting others withRead MoreBeverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. Is An Expert On Race Relati ons1258 Words   |  6 PagesRacism’ defines common and important terms when discussing race and racism, such as, oppression, prejudice, minorities, privilege, and many others. Along with this, Tatum introduces the familiar feelings and thoughts many people have when avoiding the subject of Racism, as Tatum puts it, â€Å"Can we talk?†. The second chapter, ‘The Complexity of Identity’ discusses how our identity may be shaped by several different factors. Factors mentioned included family and social influences along with the underlyingRead MoreThe Department of Psychology at State University1668 Words   |  7 Pagesin the field of language and literacy, argues that academic discourse communities differ from informal ones in the critical area of assumed shared knowledge. She states, â€Å"building on the assumed shared knowledge...affects how people participate in academic communities, including introductory ones† (Kutz 344). In other words, prof essors introduce basic concepts when students enter the community. These concepts are the foundation that will eventually give rise to greater functionality within the desiredRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Cultural Anthropology1370 Words   |  6 PagesThis course covers the basics of cultural anthropology, which seeks to understand the purpose and place of the humans in this world. It will include anthropology as a social science, the concept of culture, and it would also introduction the human evolution and to archaeology, ethnographic field methods. The importance of human language, human development, patterns, global economy, marriage and the family, gender issues, global politics and local political organization, social stratification

Developing A Communication Plan For Apple - 1697 Words

Developing a Communication Plan for Apple Author’s name: Institutional Affiliation Developing a Communication Plan for Apple Abstract Apple is one of the companies that are doing well in the current world of technology. It produces the best products that are usually of high quality hence meeting the needs of most of their customers. However, the success of Apple has been greatly attributed to the system as well as its leadership structure. As such, the major concern of Apple is to analyze the changes and revitalization that it has been planning to embrace so as to enhance communication as well as decision making process of the firm. It is therefore essential to focus on developing a communication plan for Apple. It is however more important to understand the timeline, the methods of communication, the purpose of communication, as well as the stakeholders in Apple’s Communication plan. The communication plan for Apple also needs to include the message as well as the frequency of communication for the firm. Introduction All the successful initiatives usually have execution as well as plans for their competence s. Yet demonstrating and planning the competences of the organization is just as essential, and while they are manifested in the leadership of the Apple Company, they may be regularly omitted. Also, it is worth to note that the interactions of the initiatives with the competences cannot just be accidental and random. A communication plan is usually used toShow MoreRelatedBeing Transparent With Information Helps Both Investors And Stakeholders1375 Words   |  6 Pageshaving best-in-class employees in every role, and he has no patience for building managers for the sake of managing. A headhunter who has worked extensively with Apple to hire engineers. â€Å"People join and stay because they believe in the mission of the company, even if they aren’t personally happy.† (Lashinsky, 2011). In organizational communication, ideology is an important part of corporate culture and plays a role in employees identifying with an organization. Thus, workplace ideologies can become centralRead MoreRole of Ethics and Social Responsibilty Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning tradition or character. In philosophy ethical behavior is that which is respectable in the area of moral, philosophy involves in developing, defensive and also recommending concept of right and wrong behavior. These ideas do not change as one desire† and inspiration This applies whether a company is involve with customers one-on-one, such as apple or Dell, Inc.; there are various ways to define ethics the simplest may be to say that ethics deals with right and wrong. However, it isRead MoreInternal External Factors - Apple Inc.1403 Words   |  6 Pagesemerge in the last three decades,† Apple has masterfully applied the four functions of management to their business strategy (Finkle and Mallin, 2011, p. 63). The first function, planning, focuses on the company’s strategy to set out and achieve their organizational goals. The technology industry is perpetually evolving to be successful Apple has to stay ahead of the curve using strategic planning to ensure that their innovative products dominate the market. Apple â€Å"stands for innovation in personalRead MoreMarketing Of The Apple Corporation Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesApple, Inc. engages in the design, manufacture, and marketing of mobile communication, media device s, personal computers, and portable digital music players (Forbes Media LLC, 2016). The Apple Corporation offers a wide variety products and services such as the iPhone, iPad, and Mac computer. The company was founded by Steven Paul Jobs, Ronald Gerald Wayne, and Stephen G. Wozniak on April 1, 1976 (Rawlinson, 2016). The original Apple computer was to be priced at a meager $666.66 for consumer purchaseRead Morenone Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance. In the marketing mix the customer is the most important piece of the marketing strategy however it is not included because all the components are aimed toward the target. A company that I think would represent for a good marketing mix is Apple. They are about pleasing their customers and making sure that they are aware of the products that they have to offer. Prices are adjusted to make sure that things are affordable and sometimes to bring in new customers. Surveys are completed at timesRead MoreThe Importance Of The E Business Strategies1081 Words   |  5 PagesReport This report analyses the importance of the e-business strategies Apple uses for its business. An investigation on how apple structures its e-business strategy in terms of planning, and how Apple control the organisation. Through this report, we will examine how Apple searches for its strategic methods and objectives via many aspects, whether it be customer demand or its fall of competitors. The term business doesn’t completely consist of only retailing; businesses can function online. AnRead MoreThe Potential Risks Of A Product Launch1411 Words   |  6 Pagesinto significant capital. The process of developing televisions is a huge undertaking for Apple, just because of the size and specifications of the raw materials used to create it and how greatly they differ from Apple’s flagship products like the iPhone. The risk increases tenfold when you are developing a new product and are unsure of the potential sales and how it will be accepted by the consumers. This type of risk is called market risk. Apple had a head start with the iPad and the iPhoneRead MoreMobile Phones And The Global Growth Momentum1462 Words   |  6 PagesPeople have become more and more comfortable and confident in digital communications solutions, including mobile phone. In fact, there are now more subscribers in the mobile phone service in the world (2.4 million), and there are mobile subscribers to fixed lines. Mobile phone has become the basic communication means, not only for voice but also for digital services, and e-mail, digital photos, navigation, etc. all over the world more than 350 million text messages, also known as SMS messages areRead MoreMobile Phones And The Mobile Phone Industry1448 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. People have become more and more comfortable with and reliant on digital communication solutions, including the mobile phone. In fact, there are now more mobile phone subscribers in the world (2.4 billion), than there are landline phones subscribers. The mobile phone is becoming a primary means of communication, not only for voice but also for digital services, email, digital photos, navigation, etc. Worldwide over 350 billion text messages, also known as â€Å"SMS Messages,† are exchangedRead MoreInternal External Factors Of Managment Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesExternal/Internal Factors Introduction Since the start of apple in 1976 apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronic industry. Apple started out as a computer company and expanded into other electronics within the last decade. Apple has about 35,00 employees world wide and had world wide annual sales of 32.48 billion in its first fiscal year ending September 29,th 2008. (Para Amitt, Singh 2004) This paper will explore how Apple used the Four levels of management, planning, leading

The Perfect Storm Free Essays

The night slowly filling with mist as the thunder clouds came together. Every afternoon in summer, Jenny, Oscar, Charlotte and Ginny love to sit on the porch watching the sprinkle of rain falling from above. But this was not just a normal summer storm; it was the perfect storm that would shock all who lived in Alice Springs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perfect Storm or any similar topic only for you Order Now The scraps of the tree branches hitting the tin roof as the wind swooped in. In the distance, the roll of clouds could be seen as they filled the sky above; covering all light that now couldn’t be seen. In his raincoat Oscar ventured out to the far shed to get a better view of the coming storm. Through the long grass he went to the shed, to keep warm from the incoming storm. They is sat and watched with the barn animals outside the cows, horse chickens and his dog George. As the storm grew bigger, heavier and gradually crept closer the excitement grew within the children; of Jenny, Charlotte and Ginny went to join their brother Oscar in the far shed, despite what their mother had told them to stay in the house as nothing good would come from being closer to the storm. Waiting for the storm to arrive took a lot long the children first thought of, as they waited they got hungry, got tired and slowly started to fall asleep. A loud clap of thunder shoock the shed awaking thall of the children that were now fast asleep. Jenny the oldest, opened the door to see what was the problem; as Ginny and Charlotte watched from the window pressing their faces against it waiting to see what they could see. Oscar just sat still as a Nome awaiting the reply of one of his sister to tell him what happening as he was afraid of what, was going to happen next. Franticly from the window Charlotte saw Jenny running back with a worried look on her face. As she tried to open the shed door the pressure from the wind flooded in slamming it into the wall, sending the loose had flying around the shed, creating a tornado of sharp, prickly hay. The force of the wind and the hay broke the window that was above Ginny. It broke on to her lap, cutting her leg. It was a small but deep cut, that oozed red thick blood. Oscar ran into the storage room grabbing sheets and ripping them apart and tying them around her arm. Now the storm was too fierce to run back through the grass to the house. All they could do now was wait and hope for the storm to be over soon. They pressed themselves against the wall pressing their faces one against one huddling and staying warm. Oscar heard an animal cry coming from outside. He went to investigate from the shattered window above. He saw the horses, cows, chickens squeezing and running for shelter under the big oak tree 20 metres away. A sudden scratch was heard at the door. But not knowing what it was he didn’t opening the door. Through a jagged small hole in the wall their beloved god George squeezed through, wet, scared and tired. He ran quickly to Oscar jumping into is arms and nestled into his jumper. As they waited they listen and heard the hail stones hitting into the roof above, the loud thunder claps that shock the shed followed by the bright lightning bolts that lit up the yard and the shed. They felt like prisoners in a house, being kept close and tight and not allowed to move. They battle in the sky grew louder and louder, all around them all that could be heard was thunder, hail and lightning in the sky, shinning like diamonds. The time slowly passed, one hour; two hours gone slowly they feel deep, deep asleep. Ginny dreamed of a rainbow all the colours filling the sky. Oscar dreamed of the smell of bacon being swept up in the wind from his mums cooking, Charlotte dreamed of a cubby house where she could play day in and day out. AS Jenny did not have dream but a nightmare. Thinking of the worst possible outcome for tomorrow; waking up, no siblings around her, no shelter above, and only scraps of the house spread in the distant paddocks. Knowing she had no one left, no rainbow, no smell of bacon, no cubby house, nothing. Her nightmare shook her around, flinching in her sleep she awoke. Slowly she crawled to the door and opened it and saw a bright blue sky and yellow sun with a colourful rainbow painted in the sky above it was morning. High pitched scream destruction the storm caused as the most important things were there her siblings. A whiff of bacon was smell as it passed through the door, their mother was safe and what cooking them breakfast. All of the dream were true as in the distance there cubby house was still standing. The perfect storm had come to an end. Was heard from her mouth as the storm was over her worst nightmare was gone they survived the tormenting thunder and hail and best of all she could see her siblings. Charlotte, Ginny and Oscar woke up by the scream and were compressed together underneath Jenny’s body. The sign of hope was in the sky and nothing would ruin this moment, not the destruction that now was. How to cite The Perfect Storm, Papers The Perfect Storm Free Essays Severe Weather Analysis THE PERFECT STORM Due: March 25, 2010 50 Points Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) and any other peripheral sources, please provide a discussion and analysis of the severe weather events surrounding the loss of the Andrea Gail and rescue of the Satori as presented in the book, The Perfect Storm, by Sebastian Junger. You are given the following clues: 1. Dates: 27 October 1991 – 1 November 1991 2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perfect Storm or any similar topic only for you Order Now General location: North Atlantic Ocean, latitude/longitude coordinates from text 3. Events as portrayed in the novel. 4. The NOAA special storm report for this event (below) From these initial data points, use maps, the library, the internet and your knowledge to develop a more fully synthesized description and explanation of weather events as they relate to the events experienced by the crew of the Andrea Gail, Coast Guard and yacht Satori. NOAA page for the â€Å"Perfect Storm† http://www. ncdc. noaa. gov/oa/satellite/satelliteseye/cyclones/pfctstorm91/pfctstorm. html The following websites will be useful to develop maps. http://www. cdc. noaa. gov/Composites/Day/ http://www. cdc. noaa. gov/cgi-bin/Composites/printpage. l To characterize the storm and its development, and to relate these factors to the story, you may map any variable/aspect of the days that these events were occurring. Consider and present factors such as storm intensity and track, fronts, jet stream and surface winds. I suggest using (mapping) some of the following variables: temperature, specific humidity (for moisture), vector wind and geopotential height (to show pressure disturbances) to represent the atmosphere at the surface, and possibly at other levels such as the lower troposphere (850 mb), middle troposphere (500 mb) and upper troposphere (300 mb). Based on what you know of storms, describe how the atmospheric environment contributed to the development of the weather systems that destroyed the Andrea Gail. You have been given the what, the when and the where – you must provide the why and the how. Deliverables: Technical memorandum: Minimum of 3 typed pages of text diagnosing the weather event and relating specific portions of the storm’s anatomy to the location of the vessels and events in The Perfect Storm, plus maps. Cite all references and images. How to cite The Perfect Storm, Papers

Marketing and Promotional Campaign free essay sample

BTEC Level 3 National in Business Unit 9: Creative Product Promotion Unit code: Y/502/5425 QCF Level 3: BTEC National Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Start Date: 11th January 2012 Interim Date: 7th February 2012 Finish Date: 5th April 2012 Teacher: Mrs C Hamps Student Name: Grading Criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: P1 Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. P2 explain the role of promotion within the marketing mix for a selected product/service. P3 explain the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign. P4 explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign. P5 design a promotional campaign for a given product/ service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief. M1 explain how promotion is integrated with the rest of the marketing mix in a selected organisation to achieve its marketing aims and objectives. M2 explain the advantages and disadvantages of using professional agencies in ensuring promotional success. M3 provide a rationale for a promotional campaign. D1 evaluate and justify the use of an appropriate promotional mix in relation to marketing objectives for the selected organisation. D2 evaluate an existing, national marketing campaign. Unit title Tutor Date given out Final submission Unit 9 – Creative Product Promotion Mrs C Hamps 11th January 2012 4th April 2012 Individual tasks will be set weekly deadlines as appropriate. Interim whole assignment deadline will be 7th February 2012. Unit abstract The promotional side of marketing is probably the one most people are familiar with. We are exposed to marketing communications many times every day and they have become part of our environment. Within the marketing mix, the promotional aspects are concerned with this communication between the customer and the producer. This unit introduces learners to the basic concepts which are applied in the promotions industry. Effective marketing communication and promotion depend on the understanding of customer behaviour, as well as being able to design promotional campaigns to achieve certain long or short term business objectives. Modern information and communications technologies have had, and continue to have, a huge impact on this aspect of marketing and learners will explore current promotional campaigns, using some of the concepts included in this unit. Learners will have the opportunity to consider different ways of promoting products, introducing the promotional mix at a simple level. The role of advertising agencies and the media is also explored, along with the role of the internet. The choice of media, message and methods, in relation to objectives and constraints, is examined. Learners will apply the theory by designing a promotional campaign for a selected product to meet the needs of a given campaign or creative brief. This unit gives learners the opportunity to view familiar imagesand experiences through informed and analytical eyes. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: Know the constituents of the promotional mix Understand the role of promotion within the marketing mix Understand the role of advertising agencies and the media Be able to create a simple promotional campaign. Before you start Read the assignment brief and the assessment grid carefully and make sure you are clear about what you have to do. Ask for advice if you are unsure. You will see that to obtain a Pass, Merit or Distinction you must read and complete each task carefully to ensure you do not miss anything out. Use the information from lessons as well as an independent research sensibly and do not commit plagiarism! Write yourself an action plan for the tasks. Think about: What you will need for each task When you plan to start finish the task so you meet the deadline Any meanings of words you are unsure of Leaving time to process and check work prior to handing it in. TASKS Tick when completed 1. Task 1 P1 – Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. a) Select one higher education institution with which you have had some contact, and describe the promotional mix used in a campaign it has been running to attract students onto its business degree programmes. In your description, consider the following constituents of the promotional mix for this institution. What are their products? What is the product range? Who are the target customers? How are prices defined? How are their products distributed? (This one might be quite difficult but you could consider, for example, are all the programmes based on attendance or are distance-learning programmes used?) What are the elements of the promotional mix and the media used, including exhibitions, written materials, websites and electronic communications, person-to-person contact etc. How have the elements in the promotional mix been designed to appeal to the target group? b) Repeat task a) for your chosen commercial organisation, choosing one product or service that it offers. Wk1 2 Task 2 P2 – Describe the role of promotion within the marketing mix for a selected product/service. For one of the organisations selected in Task 1, a) Describe its brand image and how this image is supported through the promotional campaign. b) Describe the role of promotion within the marketing mix of the promotional campaign selected in a). Wk2 3 Task 3 M3 – Provide a rationale for a promotional campaign. For one of the organisations selected in Task 1: a) Provide a rationale for its promotional campaign. Give comprehensive reasons for each part of the campaign. Wk 3 4 Task 4 P3 – Explain the role of advertising agencies and the media in the development of a successful promotional campaign. a) For your selected commercial organisation, find out which advertising agencies and what types of media have been used in a promotional campaign that has proved successful for the organisation. b) Describe the services offered by the advertising agency/agencies and how the organisation and agency/agencies work together in the development of a successful promotional campaign. Wk 4 5 Task 5 P4 – Explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign. Choice a successful promotional campaign that is currently in the media. In a short report, describe the campaign and explain the possible reasons behind the choice of media. D2 – Evaluate an existing, national marketing campaign. Using the campaign in P4 give a full evaluation of the campaign. In your evaluation give your views and conclude with recommendations. Task 6 P5 – Design a promotional campaign for a given product/service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief. Imagine that you are an agency given the opportunity to make a pitch for a promotional campaign for your selected higher education institution. The brief is: ‘We want to encourage our students to make more use of our catering facilities, which are being improved to make them more attractive to existing and potential students. Obviously we are aware of the increasing financial burden for our students so we have been looking at providing good value food in attractive surroundings. We are looking for a cost-effective promotional campaign to launch our updated cafe bar and we would like to incorporate some local radio adverts, an entry into the university’s student publications and some flyers. We haven’t decided on a name for our new facility yet. Our budget for this is  £5000.’ Using the above information, design a short campaign for the launch of the cafe bar, including: a) a name for the new facility — consider the branding and what this name might convey b) a design for a flyer c) a script for the radio advert d) a costed media schedule — you will need to investigate the cost of local radio advertisements and use a table/Gantt chart to show what activities will take place and when. This information will be passed on to the university’s marketing department for consideration. Wk 5 6 Task 7 M2 – Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using professional agencies in ensuring promotional success. The marketing department is reasonably satisfied with your brief, but is a little concerned about the need to use a professional agency rather than do this in-house. Write a short report explaining the merits of using a professional agency to ensure the success of this type of promotional campaign. Wk6 7 Task 8 M1 – Explain how the promotion is integrated with the rest of the marketing mix of a selected organisation to achieve its marketing aims and objectives. For one of your selected organisations: a) explain how their promotional activities are integrated. b) explain how the promotional activities contribute to the achievement of it’s marketing aims and objectives. Wk7 Task 8 D1 – Evaluate and justify the use of an appropriate promotional mix with respect to business and marketing objectives for the selected organisation. For one of your selected organisations: a) evaluate and justify the use of the promotional mix with respect to their business and marketing objectives b) make reasoned suggestions for changing aspects of the promotional mix, bearing in mind that the budget is likely to be very constrained. Wk9 Appendix Include all research carried out. Bibliography Use the Harvard referencing style to record all resources you have used You begin with the author’s surname – comma – and initials followed by a full stop. Then the year of publication in brackets. Then the book title, either underlined or in italics – comma. The place of publication – comma. Finally the publisher of the book – full stop. e.g. Stretch, B. (2007) BTEC National Health and Social Care, Oxford, Heinmann Education Limited.

Jane Eyre and Victorian Women Essay Example

Jane Eyre and Victorian Women Paper Whilst the Victorian era saw Britain becoming the epitome of power and wealth, the status of women was a perfect example of the discrepancy between this and the appalling social conditions. Women were expected to remain pure and clean, and were expected to be treated as if they were holy yet had limited rights which meant that they could not vote, hold a job that wasnt teaching or own property. It was also believed that women should not be educated to the levels that men were. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer said Women exist in the main solely for the propagation of the species. These somewhat misogynistic words perhaps highlight the opinions that were held about women during the Victorian period. However, despite the barriers put up for women, the number of female writers increased greatly. The catch was that in order to be taken seriously, they had to write under male aliases. This includes Charlotte Bronte , who wrote Jane Eyre as Currer Bell and Mary Ann Evans who wrote Middlemarch as George Eliot two of the novels that we will be talking about. Jane Eyre Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only increases her feeling of alienation. Charlotte Bronte may have created the character of Jane Eyre as a means of coming to terms with elements of her own life. Jane voices the Bronte s opinions on religion, social class, and gender that were seen as radical in the Victorian era. Jane Eyre could be seen as an earlier example of a feminist- similar to the Suffragists that came to prominence later on in the Victorian era since they held similar ideologies. Helen Burn serves as a foil to Jane- much like Isabella Linton did to Catherine. She is often self-negating despite her intellectual maturity Unlike Jane she believes that the best way to tackle the injustice of society, as seen by the treatment of the girls at Lowood, is by having faith in Gods judgement. She believes that God will be the ones to punish the evil. Somewhat representative of the religious morality that still remained in the rural areas, unlike the cities of the Victorian era where debauchery was rampant. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jane is different to her in the sense that she doesnt hold such blind faith- she wants to find happiness and love in this world, though she does count on the support of God. Conclusion One can see that in Victorian literature there were perhaps two distinct types of women portrayed. There were the conventional characters such as Helen Burns and Isabella Linton who represented the archetypal Victorian woman to some extent. The conventional characters often displayed qualities such as refinement and a desire to obtain a high social status. Other conventional characters represented women lower down the social hierarchy and tended to be blindly religious and believe in purity and chastity. These characters tended to act as foils, however, to the unconventional figures of focus such as Jane Eyre or Catherine Earnshaw. These characters were often rebellious and made it their aim to break down the barriers that blocked the development of women as independent members of society. These characters were defiant in their aims- be it love, the resolving of injustices or simply the desire to be free from the prison that was Victorian society.

The Planning Process Example

The Planning Process Example The Planning Process – Article Example International Planning Process Task: Planning Process In the planning process, Phases II and I mainly center on sorting out. Mostly, a country that lacks reasonable potentials for advanced analysis is purged. Phase I accesses suitability of the Country by considering environmental factors and country’s character. If the country presents an overall compromised state, it is not preferred for investment (Cateora & Graham, 2007). A country with a weak economy that avails no potential of supporting business’s activities is avoided. Additionally, the country should be stable politically, and prospects should show future stability. Political instabilities affect the business and its environment hence providing a risky venture. Importantly, the country’s resources and industrial state should sustain the project under consideration (Grünig & Kühn, 2005). Competition forces in the country also provide a noteworthy measure tool. Country presenting stiff competitions implies that the new launch may fail to tap sizeable market hence investor feels that an endeavor is not profitable. Countries with official legislations that may undercut the product is also not preferred. Virtually, any factor posing challenges of poor market, low profits, unhealthy competitions, compromised stability, and unendurable legislations leads to dropping of a country (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Phase II exerts a more analysis examining the adaptability of products in the Country’s market. The stage surveys the cultural environment essential for the establishment of the product and dissects if probable cost is sustainable. The nature provided by the products should be acceptable in the country (Doole & Lowe, 2008). This means product’s adaptation, packaging, branding and warranty need to blend with country’s state. In addition, distributions requirements like logistics and feeds should satisfy the study criteria to ensure penetration and distribution of t he product. Lastly, facilities for fueling promotions need be accessible to enhance the product’s campaign. Failing to satisfy these conditions may lead to Country’s dismissal in Phase II. ReferencesCateora, P. R., & Graham, J. L. (2007). International marketing. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill.Doole, I., & Lowe, R. (2008). International marketing strategy: Analysis, development and implementation. London etc.: South Western Cengage Learning.Grünig, R., & Kühn, R. (2005). Process based strategic planning. Berlin [u.a.: Springer.

Analyzing an Ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Analyzing an Ad - Essay Example The advert is designed to create a strong positive association with Skyy Vodka brand amongst female and male young professionals in order to achieve high sales. To create such positive association, the advert uses sexual connotations, both male and female young professionals, photography and it brings out the advert protagonist who remains in control of the entire advert. Skyy Vodka advert is highly charged with sexual connotations. The woman in this advert occupies a huge part of the advert page. She is wearing dark led lipstick, dark eyed make ups and nail polish. Noticeably, the makeup and her red lipsticks as well put much more emphasis on her eyes hence making her more seductive. Her open mouth draws some attention as it implies that she is ready and open to imply a sexual appeal. The dress she has worn is white in color and highly revealing around the chest region hence drawing the audience attention to her desires and sexuality. The garment white color connotes virginity or pu rity in women. However, this general view gets challenged as the lady (bubble) chooses to remain chaste for an extended period of time. The lady is wearing gold earrings, snake band around her upper arm and a gold necklace. Notably, the necklace is long and runs between her sharp pointed breasts drawing viewers’ attention. The snake-shaped arm band has varied meanings. For instance it depicts her as a bad girl considering that snakes are highly associated with seduction and trickiness. Similarly, it can be associated with the biblical story of Adam and Eve who was unable to resist the temptation offered to them by a snake. Nonetheless, as opposed to fruit offered in the case of Adam and Eve, the offering in this case has more of sexual orientation (Andrews & Mary 59). Having a closer look at the lady, she has worn black sandals with spike heels and has straps that run up her legs to the knees. Ideally, high heels are not used by women for comfort, but to make legs and butt lo ok more appealing for the men viewers. Further, the straps that runs upwards to the knees seek to send the eyes upwards towards such a seductive bubble. This complex picture draws two critical things. First, on her left hand side is a tie and hand that bubble is closely attracting. Even though, the person to whom the tie and the hand belong to is invisible, it is highly suggestive that the advert makes the viewer to take this person to be a male (Biff) who is being drawn by the beautiful charms of bubble. The black suit and tie worn by the male friend is suggestive of men in our society, but more importantly gives an impression of a kind of man who belongs to either middle or upper class and therefore highly likely to be working in corporate circles. The man is presumably a successful man and as such very complicated. This is reflected by the smart tie and suit he has worn. However, his image remains stereotyped as his image is partly hidden. The tie as one of the men clothing that is visible has a phallic context. This is because it emphasizes sex charged images common in many advertisements. The man is holding an empty martini glass that seems to be once full of Skyy Vodka. This connotes that Skyy Vodka has the capability to stimulate sexual situation set up by bubble and thereby turning Skyy Vodka to a sign of fun

Application for British Airway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Application for British Airway - Essay Example This is because I have been able to acquire knowledge and skills in the fields of general management, strategic management, and corporate finance. I am particularly interested in joining the management and planning team which primairly determines the core competencies, strengths, weaknesses, and the needs of British Airways. I can surely be instrumental in shaping the strategic path of the organization with my hard-earned knowledge and skill in assessing the internal performance of the company as well as the external factors in its external environment, I believe that in landing a job, a potential employee must only be imbued with the technical skills needed for the position. One of the most important things to consider is the person's high level of motivation to excel in the field and his capacity to deal with diverse individual in the business organization. Joining British Airways has been one of my greatest dreams and I am highly passionate to aid in the company's success. I am highly motivated to excel in this career, wanting not just a mere position but with commitment and devotion, I would like to pursue growth and excellence. I believe that I will be able to stand the pressure of joining a diverse workforce because I am trained to be open-minded and respectful of individuals outside my color, culture, value, and opinion. 3.0. Application of My Skills In order to prove that I will be effective in my chose position, I will be giving a brief analysis of British Airway's current performance through the employment of strategic management tools. First, I will be focusing on the business organization's financial performance by a financial ratio analysis. Next, I will look at the company's internal and external environment by the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Lastly, I will be offering a three-point plan on how British Airways can further improve its operations. 3.1. Financial Analysis In terms of financial performance, British Airways in can be assessed by looking at the firm's profitability, leverage, efficiency, liquidity, and investor ratios. In terms of profitability, British Airways reports increasing profit margins yet still lags behind its competitors like Ryanair and Thomsonfly (British Airways 2007). British Airway's resources are largely financed by riskier financing debt. The company enjoys higher liquidity enhancing the ability of the air carrier to pay off its immediate obligation by its current assets. The company also improves its efficiency by lessening the day its pays off its suppliers and collects from its customers. An investor is most likely be attracted by the escalating share price of British Airways but be put off by the zero dividend yield. 3.2. SWOT Analysis for British Airways I will now focus on the SWOT Analysis. In terms of strengths, British Airways has always been unmatched due to its mere size commanding strong brand equity, strong network presence, cost cutting efficiency, and customer loyalty (Datamonitor 2005).In terms of assets, the airline is regarded as the second largest in the

Automobile (Toyota in Saudi Arabia) customer reponces to price changes Essay

Automobile (Toyota in Saudi Arabia) customer reponces to price changes according to cusomer segmentation - Essay Example .......................................... 4 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 8 1.3 Aims or Purpose of this Study....................................................................... 9 1.4 Research Objectives ....................................................................................... 9 1.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................ 10 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 10 1.7 Rationale for Choosing the Research Topic.................................................. 10 1.8 Research Procedure...................................................................................... 12 1.9 Scope and Limitations .................................................................................... 13 1.10 Chapter Summary ............................................. ............................................. 14 2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis ............................................. 15 2.1.1 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................ 15 2.1.2 Research Hypothesis for Further Verification ..................................... ... .............. 31 2.2.3 Brand Association ................................................................................ 34 2.2.4 Perceived Brand Quality ...................................................................... 39 2.3 Importance of Effective Pricing Strategy ........................................................... 41 2.4 Significance of Pricing over the Development of Brand Equity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 2.5 Significance of Price Changes on Consumer Behavior ...................................... 50 2.6 Chapter Summary................................................................................................ 54 2.7 References............................................................................................................57 Chapter 1 – Introduction In order for marketing managers to develop and implement effective marketing strategies, it is necessary to understand the impact that price changes have on consumers’ purc hasing behavior and purchasing decisions. In particular, the market price of automobiles is one of the most significant factors that can influence consumers’ purchasing behavior and purchasing decisions. Since price movement can affect consumers’ purchasing behavior, a majority of marketing managers are concerned with analyzing the impact of price changes on brand equity and consumer behavior (Yoon and Tran, 2011). Most of the available research studies are focused on examining the impact of marketing mix on brand equity (Buil et al., 2011; Chattopadhyay, Shivani and Krishnan, 2009; Villarejo-Ramos and Sanchez-Franco, 2005; Yoo, Donthu and Lee, 2000). Specifically the study of Valette-Florence, Guizani and Merunka (2009) examined consumers’ opinion with regards to the impact of sales promotion intensity and

Theories relating to the grief process

Theories relating to the grief process Most theories of grieving derive from the works of Sigmund Freud and Eric Lindemanns understanding of mourning and include two assumptions: A / Grieving is time limited. The process should be completed or resolved after a year or two. B / The main task of grieving is to achieve decathexis (one should detach oneself from emotional ties to the deceased so as to be able to form new relationships.). Horacek, (1991). There are two complex processes taking place within this topic that we call Grief. Firstly there is the emotional side (grief) and can take on many obvious and subtle forms. Secondly there is the process or grieving stage as it is more commonly indentified. It is within this second stage that the bereaved is called upon and to allow them selves to make a raft of choices and decisions such as the funeral arrangements or when at some point do they allow themselves to decide what to keep as mementos and what not to. Often these sides can become entwined into one and the bereaved may end up in a state of confusion and stagnant response. This may lead to a third state in which the bereaved becomes dysfunctional within their grief processing and literally becomes stuck in whatever position or state they are in and cannot allow themselves release from that state and to move forward. Grief does not exist within the world of death only. Grief may come from many physical and psychological changes that are totally unrelated to death. Loss of a limb; incapacitation of body use as a result of an accident; loss of a boyfriend or girlfriend; loss of a marriage; bankruptcy; loss of a personal business. I could list more but the point is to say that grief covers an extremely wide and complex area of understanding and acceptance. For the purposes of this essay, I will concentrate upon the subject of death and how does one handle the situations of that death. I will cover various models as they relate to a child (0 11) and to that of an adolescent. Then, we will look at those of an older person and also take into account the elderly. How do the various models of grief and the process of grieving change with age? Are there stages of recovery or is the recovery a process that may never be finally finished? Either way, grief and grieving is a personal experience and will vary among ages, culture and background. It would become too involved for the purpose of this topic to introduce culture and background, so I will therefore keep this essay to the more general form of models of grief and their relationship to those of age. Does a child have the capacity to experience grief and to mourn as do adults? Bowlby (1963), and Fusman (1964), sees a child as capable of suffering major bereavement particularly with a close family member and probably with other close significant losses as well. In that reference, there were no given age ranges so I will take the point of a child being of 0 11 yrs of age. Lindemanns seminal study in 1944 on the Symptomatology and Management of acute grief is similar to Freuds understanding. But how does that apply to a child? Whilst Bowlby recognised a similarity to Freuds point of view, he also recognised that a young child is capable of suffering major bereavement as mentioned. But these responses can come from many influences. Obviously, they are different to those of an adult but none the less they (adults) do have an influence upon the childs perception and response to their ability to handle grief and grieving. It is suggested that a child will copy to the best of their ability, the grieving patterns of their remaining significant parent or even that of an older sibling (Bowlby, 1980; Kubler-Ross, 1983; Schumacher, 1984). Other factors can also have an influence on the childs response such as the nature and intensity of their attachment to the deceased; their developmental level; the capacity to understand what has happened (the conceptualisation of death and what explanations are given to them); and the nature and circumstances of the death. It is reasonable to assume that a child can experience a bereavement response, probably in an attenuated form death of a grandparent, parent, uncle, teacher, playmate, family pet or even the loss of a favourite toy. Ambivalence and dependence are core themes of a childs relationship with family members and a childs grief may be influenced by this aspect of their attachment to the deceased. Childrens conception of death closely parallel Piagets (1952) successive levels of cognitive development (Berlinsky Biller, 1982). For example, during the sensorimotor period (birth 2yrs), the childs concept of death is non-existent or incomplete (Kane, 1979). Most workers agree that the younger childs response, particularly to the death of a parent, is likely to be indistinguishable from that of separation response. For a child of 2 or younger, they do not have the concepts of time, finality or of death itself but they may show, if for instance their mother dies, typical phases of denial, protest, despair, and eventually detachment (Kastenbaum, 1967; Berlinsky Biller, 1982). During Piagets pre occupational period (2 6yrs), a childs cognitive development is dominated by magical thinking and egocentrism. Consequentially at this stage, they believe that death can be either avoided or reversed (Melear, 1973; Anthony, 1971; Stillion Wass, 1979). Furman (1963) believes that from 2 2 Â ½ years onwards a child is able to conceptualise death to some degree and to mourn. Melear found that children within this age group viewed the dead as having feelings existing in a life like state. Because of their thinking, the child may feel responsible for causing the death and consequently feel shame and guilt. Progressively, through the period of concrete operations (6 7yrs through to 11 or 12 years), children begin to understand the reality of death but do not realise that death is universal and that those around them, including their loved ones, will die some day (Berlinskey Biller, 1982). Anthony, (1971) suggested that children conceptualise death in concrete terms and view death as distant from themselves. Gradually, from ages 9 or 10, children acquire a more mature understanding of death; that death is irreversible in nature and that they themselves will eventually experience it (Anthony, 1971; Melear, 1973; Stillion Wass, 1979). A child will experience the developmental nature of death associations which progress from no understanding toward an abstract and realistic understanding of the concept of death (McCown, 1988). Within the years of adolescence, the persons understanding of death and what has happened; closely approximates that of an adult and their grief may take on similar forms. But because they are in that realm halfway between childhood and adulthood, their responses may fit neither mould. If they cry, they may be accused of being babyish. Equally, if they dont, they may seem cold and uninvolved. With so many conflicting areas and so many stressful situations of this age group, they may neither express their emotions directly nor verbalise them. They may instead, act out within their personal environment, indicating their need for care, their anger, their guilt and their longing. Although privy to increased knowledge about death through instant communication and increasing exposure to death, adolescents do not have the social or emotional maturity to fully incorporate and process those experiences into a coherent world view (Rowling, 2002). Adolescents tend to be more extreme in their risk taking and it seems to be the closer to the edge that they go, the greater the thrill of cheating death. Living life to the fullest inherently has some risks. Consciously or otherwise, they may pursue this ambiguity more than others, due to their cognitive development and the need for excitement (Spear, 2000). Emotional reactions to a loss can be devastating to the adolescent, whether the loss is the perceived detachment from parents, actual losses that are literal deaths such as the suicide of a friend; or metaphorical deaths such as the breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend. Meshot Leitner (1993), have observed that the extent of grief is often much stronger in teenagers than in adults. There is evidence that adolescents are constantly grappling with life and death contrasts as a normal part of their development (Noppe Noppe, 1991). These years help to construct a personal stamp with their understanding of death as they are engaging in both life affirmation and death acknowledgement. They are questioning and assuming different belief systems regarding death and the after life prior to settling onto a more permanent value system as well as incorporating the very reality of personal mortality into their evolving sense of identity. Adolescent grief experience is profoundly personal in nature. Although they grieve more intensely than adults (Christ et al. 2002; Oltjenbruns, 1996), their grief may be expressed in short outbursts, or there may be concentrated efforts to control emotions. They can often believe that their experiences are completely unique unto themselves (Elkind, 1967). The adolescent grief pattern may follow a life long developmental trajectory. That is, the loss may be continued to be felt throughout their life span as they graduate from college, their work, marriage and so on. This can be accentuated as they grow older than the parent, sibling or friend who has died (Silverman, 2000). Adolescents are more sophisticated than children in their understanding and response to death, but neither is their mourning adult like. The overall nature of the adolescents response is intimately tied to their developmental issues. The consideration of ones own death, as part of the treads of the totality of the life cycle, cannot be a comfortable notion for an adolescent to accept. Creating a unified sense of identity must be reconciled with this consideration. Adolescents encounter this dilemma in the context of a system of values, philosophy of life and particular spiritual or religious beliefs. Sterling and Van Horn (1989) found that adolescents who were at the peak of their struggle with identity formation, had the highest levels of death anxiety. With regard to personal characteristics or the adolescent, self esteem was found to be important in adolescents response to loss. Balk (1990) and Hogan and Greenfield (1991) found that adolescents with lowered self concept scores s howed more problems with their grief. More adolescent males than females die suddenly and violently, via accidents, homicides and suicides (Corr et al., 2003). However, no one knows if, as a consequence, teenage males grieve more than females over the loss of their same sex best friend. Parallels between the socialization of males into hiding emotions, being independent and displaying aggressive behaviour when upset are reflected in adolescent males grief reactions (Adams, 2001). Bereaved adolescent girls may express more adjustment difficulties (Servaty Hayslip, 2001), but this may be consistent with the latitude afforded women to talk of their feelings. Reaching out to others seems to be easier for females than males (Noppe et al., 2003). As mentioned earlier and in closing of this section, the myriad of adolescent tasks serve as a framework for how the adolescent is affected by grief and their response to loss is intimately tied to their developmental issues. Adolescents do not grieve in the same way as do adults and their grief processes may be more intermittent, intense and overwhelming. We began this essay with the generally accepted theory of mourning from the work done by Freud and Lindemann as cited by Horacek (1991). Whilst Freud did not officially modify his theory, he did modify it in a letter written to Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger in 1929. In this letter he reflected on the death of his daughter in 1920 from influenza and the death of his grandson in 1923. He stated that although we know that after such a loss the acute stage of mourning will subside, we also know we shall remain inconsolable and will never find a substitute. Freud realised that some losses can never be fully resolved and that grieving can continue indefinitely for such potentially high grief deaths such as the loss of a child or a grandchild. Gorer (1965), described eight styles of grieving that fall into three categories based on the length of the grieving process. The first category includes grieving styles that demonstrating little or no mourning, such as the denial of mourning, the absence of mourning, anticipatory grieving and hiding grief. The second category is time limited mourning, which includes a period of intense grief followed by a return to the pre grief status. His third category is unlimited mourning, a continuing grief that does not radically interfere radically with everyday living; mummification, in which the mourner makes a room or a whole house as a shrine for the deceased; and despair, a never ending, deeply painful process. Adults view death through the lens of wisdom gained through the myriad of life experiences associated with expanded interactions with different people, work settings and family relationships. Whilst studies on parental and sibling grieving challenge the assumption that grieving is time bounded and that decathexis can and should be accomplished. In his interviews of some 155 families, Knapp (1986, 1987), found six significant similarities in the way in which families responded to the deaths of their children. The sixth was what he called shadow grief, a lingering, emotional dullness of affect that continues indefinitely, indicating that grief such as this is never totally resolved. He called shadow grief a form of chronic grief that moderately inhibits normal activity, yet it is an abnormal form of mourning that it was quite normal, perhaps even routine. In support of this finding, Lund (1989) stated that there is considerable evidence that some aspects of bereavement and subsequent r eadjustments may continue throughout a persons life and it might be appropriate to question the use of conceptualizing grief as a process which culminates in resolution, because there may never be a full resolution. Though death separates the mourner from the deceased, a relationship with the deceased continues. It is largely agreed that particularly with adults and the more elderly, the bereaved should regain everyday functioning within a two to three year period, but, also, that grief may never come to an end and can still be considered normal. Fulton (1978), produced a model that began to reflect the complicated reality of the grieving process. He put forward that in a high grief situation, three sets of reactions can be delineated: 1. Initial reactions. These can include numbness, shock and disbelief. These reactions could last for days, weeks or even months. 2. Grief tasks. These reactions may include such tasks as dealing with anger, guilt, emptiness, depression, ambivalent relationships and life reviewing. Working through these tasks can take months or years and in some cases can continue indefinitely. 3. Adjusting to the loss and continuing grieving. In addition, this model recognises that the three sets of reactions overlap and can recur and that the mourner could deal with one specific grief task such as resolving excess guilt and then face another grief task months later. Most important, this model recognises that the basic loss does not disappear like a wound that heals in time, but rather that the loss continues like an amputation or dismemberment. Likening grieving to amputation denotes the mourner must continually adapt and adjust to the loss. Although the griever can reach a new everyday functioning status, the loss and its concomitant reactions, for example shadow grief, continue indefinitely. In final conclusion, both the grief and grieving process is complicated and has many variable aspects to how one deals with the bereavement. Probably the most obvious is that the ability to handle bereavement lies in the cognitive developmental stage of the bereaved. This is probably more pronounced within the child and adolescent stages of life due to the aspects already discussed earlier. It is also of note that the elderly are more likely to experience multiple losses, such as the deaths of a spouse, friends, or relatives or the loss of roles, health, or income, over relatively short periods of time. At the same time, many older grievers are quite resilient and exhibit strong and effective coping abilities (Lund, 1989). An aspect of grief that was only briefly touched upon, was that of anticipatory grief. Such would occur during the period of extended terminal illness. Whether this type of grief assists the survivor or not, has not been really established. In some cases it can lea d also to confusion and subsequently, to a dysfunctional grief. In dealing with and assisting the bereaved caregivers need to be aware of the need to adjust their understanding of the grieving process relative to the age, gender and the situation with which the bereaved is finding them selves. Grieving is a complex emotional and active process and there are no simple answers nor are there simple repairs.

Word Processing Technology and the Process of Writing :: Technological Essays

Word Processing Technology and the Process of Writing Word processors have been in use in our country and across the globe for quite some time. Elementary school students, High school Students, as well as College and University students all use them everyday to produce written texts from many different genres. Pens and paper have been forgotten. Has the formal process of writing also been forgotten? Have word processors changed the way people write – permanently (I misspelled that word and fixed it using spell check)? The most recognized definition, if there is one, of a writing process was formulated by Flowers and Hayes in 1980. They were two of the first theorists to formally recognize that there are basically three distinct types of cognitive writing processes. The first is the process of planning. This is where the writer will decide what to say and exactly how to say it. The next step is the actual generation of written text. This process occurs when the writer uses their plan to produce an actual piece of writing. The last process in the Flowers and Hayes model is revision. This is where the writer makes all possible revisions to improve the quality of their written work. These three processes do not appear to happen in any specific order. There is no set pattern to follow. The order with which the writer engages in and completes each process, as well as the amount of time each writer spends performing each process, will vary depending upon the organization methods of the writer. The w riter will look at their own individual goals and decide how to manipulate the various processes to best meet their agenda. Theoretically, these students could be moving their work forward in a purposeful direction by backtracking through a given process. This model enforced the idea that writing is a recursive process rather than a straightforward linear process incapable of being altered. The Flowers and Hayes model has often been referred to as the â€Å"writing process approach.† Of course there are many other credible models for the writing process, but this definition suits my purposes by providing a backdrop for discussing the changes made by word processors on a long accepted, though often debated, definition of the writing process (Barrow 13-18). Word processors are good for storing data, manipulating and formatting individual characters which make up the text of a final written document, and improving the writing mechanics of student work as a whole.

Clientelism, Tribalism, and Ethnic Conflict in Africa

In this essay I will firstly examine and break down the components of the question. I will separate and clarify the meaning of Clientelism, Tribalism and Ethnic Conflict and deal with each of these as separate enterties. Although I will argue each of them on a separate basis. I aim also to show the complex interlinked relationships between the three themes, and argue that because of this the central argument of the question is not easily agreed or disagreed with. My main argument however, will be to disagree with the central question and advocate that Clientelism was a part of Africa's tradition long before any notion of modernity and colonial influence was present in the continent. I will provide empirical evidence, which supports the inherent presence of Clientelism, and also show how it has strong links with Tribalism, in both its history and modern perpetuation. Tribalism however is a different matter and I agree with the central statement and advocate that modern African tribalism and notions of ethnicity were mainly a direct result of colonial imposed modernity restructuring. For the final part of my answer I will provide an argument that African ethnic conflict lies somewhere between the two extremes, that it was present in African society before colonial modernity and it was further exacerbated by the restructuring that colonialism brought about. In my conclusion I will further justify my arguments and advocate a thesis for future development in Africa on tribalism, ethnic conflict and clientelism. Whether clientelism, tribalism and ethnic conflict were a product not of tradition but of modernity in Africa and a type of development is a difficult and complex question in many respects, but one to which I have a strong argument. To study this it would be practical to firstly define what I shall mean by modernity and â€Å"the type of development† in relation to the main statement, as it will form the crux of my argument. By modernity and type of development in Africa I will be focusing on colonialism and justifying whether clientelism, tribalism and ethnic conflict were present before the arrival of colonialization or whether they emerged from the new society that restructuring colonial development brought with it. I believe through looking at African society in its modern context and studying empirical data that it is evident to determine whether the three main themes of this essay where present before or a after product. What is not so clear however is the complex linkages between and the contexts they operate in. I advocate for instance that it is impossible to separate out clientelism from tribalism, and that ethnic conflict is closely related to both of these. Due to this in order to justify and construct my argument I must separate out clientelism, tribalism and ethnic conflict and study them individually. Clientelism To determine from what circumstances Clientelism in African emanated it is important to define the term itself and what it means in African society. Clientelism is also known as patron-client relations/politics, and in its modern form is highly evident in African society. This clientelism is an exchange between actors who have unequal balance of power, one being weaker, and the other being stronger. It is the patron who is the more powerful and the client who is normally the weaker of the two. The exchange between client and patron is formed when the more powerful patron offers something, be it scarce resources or protection to the weaker client. This weaker client offers something back in return, perhaps support or other services to the patron who is in a more dominant position. † bound up with important ties of reprocity linking those who are related within networks of vertical relationships. Clientelism can be viewed on both micro and macro levels as a phenomenon of African society (although it is evident elsewhere),and to assess from where this Clientelism originated from it is necessary to see where it is present in modern society. In modern day Africa these patron -client relationships are most visible in the political arena. I argue that clientelism although it is pervasive in African politics did not emerge as a direct result of colonisation, which most people would view as the birthplace of modern African politics and political institutions as a result of the restructuring of African society. Instead I advocate that Clientelism, although present in modern day politics was in place well before the colonial era and was present in tradition and the era before any notion of modernity was in Africa. I believe clientelism was evident in the traditional African way of life. Pre-Colonial African society was in terms stateless. There was no formal state. African society was based around a system of patron-client relationships, which were the fundamental core of society. Where there was no state there was no other system, in a vast continent holding various competing tribes and peoples in order for there to be a ‘society' arbitrating, protecting and trade were all centred around these unequal deals between various networks. â€Å"The power relations of pre-colonial Africa were typically of patrons and clients. ‘Big Men' presided over intricate networks of clientage involving reciprocal but unequal relations with ‘small boys', as well as power over women and children and those held in the diverse forms and degrees of servitude of pawnship and slavery. 2 Patron-client networks as evident today I argue are based around extended family (and later as I will discuss) tribal loyalties evident from traditional African life. â€Å"African communities were pervaded by relations of domination and dependence, based on patriarchal power exercised across differences of genders and generations, lineages and clans, languages and cultures. â€Å"3 The arrival of Colonialism and modernity had utilised these already existing patron-client relationships and used them for their own ends. The colonial administrators sought chief headmen and perpetuated clientelism by supplementing their meagre salaries and earnings they gained from their official positions with monies gained from trade and other bonuses. (Berman) â€Å"Chiefs and headmen were the essential linkage between the colonial state and African societies. This relationship typically took on a patron-client form, and had several important and contradictory consequences. â€Å"4 So I argue rather than colonialism creating these patron client linkages it merely utilised them. I believe that clientelism at it is today stemmed from the traditional African societies. So to reiterate African society pre-colonial era although traditional was not so natural and traditionally uncorrupted to be devoid of the practice of clientelism that we so readily see as corruption today. That is was present and a working framework for society. â€Å"The other runs the risk, in reaction, of idealising the virtues of a pre-colonial era supposedly devoid of corruption, the growth of which is supposed to have been caused by the perversion of the social order induced by the arrival of the colonialist Europeans. â€Å"5 I argue that modernity and the formation of formal political institutions and frameworks of power merely perpetuated Clientelism and provided new avenues for the patron-client relationships based on new networks of power. What had always gone on before merely was allowed to operate in a new arena. African politics became â€Å"politics of the belly†, where individuals used public office for private gain. The scarcity of resources in Africa being as it is, if one person holds an office where he/she controls resources or power politics becomes a way of utilising patron-client networks to distribute these resources and gain support and power. made patron/client relations not only the fundamental mode of access to the state and its resources, but also, as in pre-colonial society, the fundamental relationship between ordinary people and those with wealth or power. † As before in pre-colonial society clientelism formed the basis of a persons power through the number of people he had domination and arrangements over, now in politics a persons political power is based on how many people pledge support through reciprocal client-patron networks in return for favours. Clientelism hasn't been formed it has merely morphed into a new generation of deals. â€Å"Where land was plentiful and populations small, wealth and power were measured in control of people, in having a large following of family and non-kin dependants. â€Å"7 In politics this clientelism has become diverse, not created by modernity but adapted for its use in formal political positions. Peter Ekeh (1975) described this as being the formation in African society of two publics, where Clientelism has been and always is the norm. That the same political actors act in both systems of a Civic public and the Primordial public. The citizen in the Civic public works in the beaurocratic institutions of the state, in a supposedly amoral system. The citizen takes from his position and gives nothing in return. This is through clientelism and a network of contacts where state resources and power can be distributed in this way. However the same person in his Primordial public, largely associated with ethnic tribalism and belonging to an extended family/ community, gives out and gets nothing in return. Due to the kinship of this the actor is expected to do good for his own community, by using his political position. The key idea in Ekeh's case then is that the ‘good man channels part of the largesse of the civic public to the primordial public. ‘ This shows the complex links between the old clientelism networks and what I will argue as the more modern artificial tribal relationships in African society. Tribalism Tribalism in its present form in Africa however is not a traditional aspect of African culture I argue as Clientelism had been, but a product of the development imposed on the region by Colonialism. Colonialism and the social and economic changes it brought with it ‘created' the sense of tribalism and strong ethnic identities that are present in modern Africa. That tribes were not traditionally based but created in a means to gain power, resources and recognition in the process of colonial modernising. â€Å"The accumulating weight of evidence shows that African ethnicity and its relationship to politics is new not old: a response to capitalist modernity shaped by similar forces to those related to the development of ethnic nationalism in Europe since the late nineteenth century. † This is not to say there were not tribes in the pre-colonial era, but I believe what tribes existed there were, not so ethnically divided. That the tribes were various groups of mixed race and language peoples who were in a constant state of flux, without the fixed ethnic boundaries one finds today. â€Å"Pre-colonial political and socio-cultural boundaries were marked by fuzziness and flexibility; and Africans existed within a reality of multiple, overlapping and alternative collective identities. â€Å"9 What created these tribal identities therefore if they were not present in traditional African society was the arrival of colonialism. Europeans were of the assumption that African tribes were the basis of society. That the tribes had neat compact boundaries and consisted of culturally identical peoples. This assumption I argue was the basis for tribal creation, as the missionaries especially and other state institutions sought to formalise and categorise these tribal units. The recording of culture and the teaching to a whole area of a ‘supposedly' local language, which in many cases was merely a local dialect, began to bring differing peoples together. This wiped out some cultural differences and creating false collectives of tribal peoples often not historically related, but brought together by colonial boundaries. â€Å"The ideology and culture of colonialism, especially in the imagining of African societies by colonial officials and European missionaries, provided the dominant cognitive context moulding the invention of tribes and their customs by Africans themselves. â€Å"10 If the colonial rulers and administration could claim links with these tribes then, through working with the ‘traditional' ruling groups in Africa they gained legitimacy in their operations and ruling of the area. By working with these fixed tribes, the colonial rulers could fragment and control the local populace by breaking it down into smaller loyal groups. In reality the creation of tribes made it easier for the colonial beaurocracy to rule. â€Å"Each administrative unit ideally contained a single culturally and linguistically homogenous ‘tribe' in which people continued to live within the indigenous institutions and were subject to ‘tribal discipline' through local structures of authority. â€Å"11 Although this was a key issue in the creation of Africa tribalism however, I believe that the stronger reason for the formation of tribes was for political gain and recognition. Due to this European notion of African tribalism, in order to hold power with the colonial administration actors must be part of a clearly fixed ethnic group. This created political tribalism, which was the creation of ethnicities by elite groups in African society to gain access to resources and to seek the foundations for a conservative modernisation. In short it was the manipulation of tribal ethnic identities by Africans themselves for political and economic gains in the face of colonial changes. † Ethnic collective action', according to Mozaffar, ‘is predominantly a process of strategic political interaction between self-interested actors with divergent interests'. 12 Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflict has both strong links with tribalism and clientelism in Africa. I believe its origin is not so easy to pinpoint as it has been for tribalism and patron-client relations but that ethnic conflict is merely a product of the two. It was evident in pre-colonial society and was heightened and exacerbated by the modern formation of tribes in the colonial era as I have previously described. Ethnic Conflict was present in traditional African society. African society had never been egalitarian in nature, and a society in which there are unequal power relations is ultimately to have conflict in its midst. † Pre-colonial societies were thus full of conflict and competition, instability and change. † What I believe was created by the form of colonial development placed on Africa was the increase in ethnic tensions as new tribes and identities were created. Resources in Africa are still scarce and the modern beaurocratic frame work and political distribution of power has led to ethnic conflict becoming more fierce and modern in its use of warfare and state apparatus. The tribal divisions between the Hutus and Tutsis and the ensuing Rwandan war and genocide are examples of this. As the colonial era ‘created' false country borders this conflict now often seeps out between neighbouring countries, comprising of different tribal identities over land and resources. I believe the colonial era did not create tribal conflict but merely change the scale that it is played out upon and provided it with state apparatus, militia, armies that now take conflict into a modern era, on a wider and more devastating scale. Conclusion It is clear to see then that tribalism, ethnic conflict and clientelism, although intricately related all have different origins. I advocate however that they were all evident in some way or form before any type of modernity was present in Africa. Although I believe Clientelism and ethnic conflict were not created by the development in the colonial era they were not solved or prevented by colonial restructuring. They still persist today. Ethic conflict I argue was present before the arrival of the Europeans in Africa on a localised scale as fighting between the complex and varied tribes on the continent. With the arrival of colonialism I believe it was merely aggravated by the adaptation of formal tribes and the struggle in politics for scarce resources, power and recognition. I argue that it has merely adapted and become a more serious problem as the apparatus of state have been used to fight wars etc. The conflict now envelops far larger groups of people and even countries constructed by the colonial boundaries of ethnicity and country. Clientelism is pervasive throughout African politics. It is our normative viewing of clientelism today, as corruption in Africa that I believe has led to some believing it was is not in existence in pre-colonial society but a product of the introduction of formal politics and modernity in Africa. of idealising the virtues of a pre-colonial era supposedly devoid of corruption, the growth of which is supposed to have been caused by the perversion of the social order induced by the arrival of colonialist Europeans. † What I believe we must consider however that we are applying the principles of the old African order rather to a new context of modern development and democratic politics, etc where impartiality is presupposed. This is what makes us view clientelism as a modern phenomenon rather than its rightful place as a traditional form of dealings in African society. This is the opposite with tribalism, where many suppose it as a traditional part of African society. It was this European view of tribalism that thought of it as such, however closer examination reveals it to be a politically dynamic and deliberately constructed phenomenon. It was not a traditional aspect of society that was carried over into colonial modernity but a means by which if African created a concrete identity they could gain power and resources in a system which colonialism brought about.

Dental pain Essays

Dental pain Essays Dental pain Essay Dental pain Essay 1.1.INTRODUCTION: American Academy of Pain Medicine defines hurting as –An unpleasant esthesis and emotional response to that sensation .1 ]Orofacial hurting is one of the commonest types of hurting, and odontalgia is the most prevailing Orofacial hurting. Dental hurting is a major effect of many unwritten conditions such as untreated dental cavities, injury, periodontits etc. However it is known that pathological procedure are non necessary or sufficient causes of the phenomenon. Therefore, the perceptual experience of hurting can be modulated by cognitive factors such as cognition, beliefs, and outlooks ; all being influenced by the societal and cultural environments of affected persons.[ 2 ] Dental hurting is extremely prevailing among kids, even in modern-day populations with historically low degrees of cavities experience.[ 3 ]Sladereported the prevalence of odontalgia to run from 5 % to 33 % across assorted states.4 ]In developing states, the prevalence and badness of kids s alveolar consonant hurting has normally been higher than the information from developed states. A survey by Kiran Kumar et Al reported a high prevalence of dental hurting of 71.4 % among 12 twelvemonth old school kids in India.[ 3 ]Kiwanuka and Astrom reported prevalence of dental hurting of 42 % and 52 % in male childs and misss among 10-14 years Ugandan schoolchildren.[ 5 ] Dental hurting in kids due to untreated diseases can take to jobs with feeding, speech production, larning and doesn’t merely look to be connected to lower classs, besides cause more absences from school for childs and more lost work for parents. When children’s acute unwritten wellness jobs are treated and they are non sing hurting, their acquisition and school-attendance records better.[ 6 ] Pain perceptual experience in kids is complex, and is frequently hard to assess.Although the rules of hurting rating and direction apply across the human lifetime, kids present alone challenges.7 ]that necessitate consideration of the child’s age, developmental degree, cognitive and communicating accomplishments, old hurting experiences, and associated beliefs. Pain in kids can be hard to measure which has led to the creative activity of legion age-specific hurting direction tools. Health attention professionals frequently prefer practical methods, which faithfully track the child’s hurting experience whereas research workers tend to concentrate on tools, which are meticulously proven for dependability with different perceivers. Instrument designed specifically for kids allow for accurate measuring of the impact of unwritten wellness on their quality of life. The kid Dental Pain Questionnaire by Barretto ER et Al[ 8 ]meets these demands and offers the advantage of being shorter than major kid wellness and quality of life instruments incorporating points on hurting. Health promoting schools that incorporates unwritten wellness instruction and publicity programmes are effectual with important betterment in the intermediate unwritten wellness results, i.e. self-reported tooth brushing frequence, usage of topical fluorides, flossing, consumption of sweet nutrient and drinks and between-meal snacking were besides reported.2,5,6 ] However, its consequence on children’s unwritten wellness related quality of life and impact of alveolar consonant hurting has non been exhaustively investigated. Therefore the present survey was conducted to measure self-reported dental hurting and its impact on day-to-day life and to research its relationship with unwritten wellness position among 10-15 twelvemonth old school kids go toing school unwritten wellness programme. 1.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS A Cross sectional survey was conducted over a period of 4 months ( June-September 2014 ) . Data was collected from 6 private schools which are portion of the one-year school unwritten wellness publicity programmes conducted by Vokkaligara sangha dental college and infirmary. All Children in the age group of 10-15 old ages who were present on the twenty-four hours of testing were included. Among 1237 school kids who were screened, 194 reported history of dental hurting in last 3 months were included in the survey. Ethical blessing was obtained from institutional reappraisal board and informed consent was taken from parents before the beginning of survey. Data aggregation included questionnaire measuring unwritten wellness behaviour, kid dental hurting and clinical unwritten scrutiny. Dental hurting was assessed by child dental hurting questionnaire ( child-DPQ ) by Barretto ER with subscales mensurating prevalence, badness and impact of dental hurting. Each subscale mark can change from 1-3, 1-9 and 1-2 severally. Classification of badness graduated table was made as mild, moderate and terrible and Impact graduated table as with and without impact. Clinical unwritten scrutiny was done utilizing WHO unwritten wellness study Performa ( 1997 ) [ Dean’s flourosis index, Community Periodontal Index ( CPI ) , Dentition position and Dental-Aesthetic index ( DAI ) ] by utilizing mouth mirror and WHO probe. Type 3 scrutiny was carried out under field status in the category room scene by individual research worker and observations were recorded. Dean’s Fluorosis index was used to measure fluorosis based on a 6–point graduated table: normal, questionable, really mild, moderate, and severe. The Community Periodontal Index was recorded on six index dentitions. Cavities was recorded as being present when a lesion in the cavity and crevice or on a smooth surface had a noticeable softened floor, undermined enamel or softened wall. Missing tooth was recorded if there was a history of extraction due to trouble and or the presence of a pit. Filled tooth on history of dental cavities was considered under the filled class. Questionnaires were translated to local linguistic communication prior to fly survey and linguistic communication proof was done. Correlation coefficient for test-retest dependability of C-DPQ was 0.84. Training and standardization on the clinical steps of WHO oral wellness study ( 1997 ) was carried out and the intra-examiner duplicability was 0.87. Prevalence of dental hurting was found to be 15.6 % ( 194 ) . 47.4 % and 52.6 % of kids were males and females with bulk from Lower in-between category. ( Table 1 ) Logistic arrested development analysis between badness and impact of dental hurting with independent variables suggested that males, ingestion of Sweets once/more than one time a twenty-four hours, less than twice a twenty-four hours brushing and deciduous cavities experience with deft A ; gt ; 2 showed higher odds holding terrible hurting and besides an impact on day-to-day activities. ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) ( Table 6,7 ) 1.4.Discussion:Dental and Oro-facial hurting or odontalgia is ill investigated in unwritten wellness epidemiology and affects considerable proportions of human population doing trouble and hurt in executing day-to-day activities. Low-income kids and striplings continue to bear a heavy load of untreated hurting and complications from dental disease. Burt Edelstein of Columbia University suggested that one should target schools where there are populations of underserved kids in locations with unequal supplies of dental attention. Using that school base, there needs to be a comprehensive and incorporate intercession that goes from schoolroom to clinic .9 ]In developing states, importance of unwritten wellness in comparing to general wellness is minimum, therefore proviso of exigency attention, tooth extraction and basic tonic and preventative unwritten attention to the school kids may turn out really of import. In an attempt to better the unwritten wellness position of low-income kids, schools situated in deprived vicinities are included by V.S Dental College and Hospital from past 8 old ages for the benefit from unwritten wellness publicity activities. These Oral wellness promoting schools were selected for the survey as the appraisal of dental hurting and its impact features in these schools will function as an adjunct to clinical or normative demand appraisal for unwritten wellness attention. In the present survey, a sum of 1237 kids in the age group of 10-15 old ages were selected and screened for the history of dental hurting in last 3 months. It is hard to mensurate the grade of hurting or uncomfortableness in a really immature kid, because of their degree of cognitive and linguistic communication development and as a kid matures, develops a broader vocabulary, and witnesses a assortment of environments, therefore 10-15 twelvemonth age kids were selected as they have a greater ability to pass on feeling better. Prevalence of dental hurting in the present survey was found to be 15.6 % . Assorted surveies on prevalence of dental hurting reported variable scope. 50 % was reported in Ugandan survey5whereas a survey by Pau et Al[ 10 ]reported 37.4 % among Grecian school kids. This is markedly lower than the prevalence rate of 70 % reported by Naidoo et Al11 ]and 71.4 % by Kiran Kumar et Al[ 2 ]in similar age groups. The low prevalence of dental hurting observed in the present survey compared to old surveies could be attributed to consistently organized unwritten wellness attention provided to these wellness promoting schools. This plan comprised of regular dental showing, unwritten prophylaxis, Restoration and extraction processs utilizing a specially equipped nomadic dental clinic and referral for complex intervention modes to the dental infirmary. It is besides of import to observe that bulk of participants were from lower in-between category as all these schools caters to take down middle/ lo wer category and this being the premier ground for these schools to be included in the school-based unwritten wellness publicity programme. In the present survey, bulk of pupils rated that their hurting as moderate and terrible ( 42 and 40 % ) . The prevalence of badness of dental hurting for the full sampling frame was 2 % , 7 % , 6 % for mild, moderateand severepain which is really low compared to other old surveies. Kumar YS et Al12 ]in his survey suggested prevalence of 14.3 % , 8.8 % and 11.7 % for mild, moderateand severepain. Conversely, when Bailit13 ]assessed the grade of hurting in 5–13-year-olds, he found that less than 1 % had experienced severe pain based on the parent’s studies and this could be a possible ground for the ascertained difference between the surveies. A important difference in gender and badness of dental hurting was observed. There are problematic consequences sing gender and prevalence of tooth aching with old probe by Sheperd M et Al6 ]and Kumar YS et Al12 ]describing higher figure of females sing tooth aching with a suggested account of difference in hurting threshold between male childs and misss. The present survey lacked to demo the relationship of societal gradient and badness of dental hurting, in contrast grounds suggest alveolar consonant hurting to be associated with low income bespeaking societal exposure of individual’s enduring from odontalgia.3 ]The observation in the present survey might be alone to the participants investigated, corroborating the societal homogeneousness of selected kids and besides due to wellness promotional activities. Consumption of Sweets showed a important association with badness and impact of dental hurting similar to the surveies reported by Petersen PE et Al, Zhu L et Al, Aurelius G et Al, Johnson P et Al and Slade et Al.14-18 ]This association was non observed for soft drinks ingestion as kids belonged chiefly to moo socio economic position and therefore it was improbable to purchase soft drinks in day-to-day mode which are costlier than brittles and confects available nearby stores to schools. Present survey reported important association between deciduous dental cavities and badness of alveolar consonant hurting which is similar to other surveies done by Trabert J19 ], Mitropoulos C et Al20 ]and Shanbhog R et Al21 ]Levine RS et Al22 ]in his survey provinces that the earlier a tooth decays prior to natural sloughing, the longer it is in the oral cavity and the greater the likeliness of hurting. Permanent Decayed/missing and filled dentitions measured by average DMFT was 2.1 which is lower compared to European norm, but higher compared to Ugandan school kids.5 ]DMFT/DMFS index as independent variables failed to demo association between badness of dental hurting and impact. Sing the age of the survey group it was improbable to describe much mortality in lasting teething. At the same clip deciduous teething were at the peak period of their life anticipation. Thus important association of dental hurting was observed for deciduous cavities index but non for lasting cavities ind ex. Other possible causes of dental hurting injury of dentitions, shed blooding gums were non associated with dental hurting It is hard to do causal illation with a cross sectional survey design and farther longitudinal survey tracking alterations in unwritten wellness of kids might offer well more insight. Subjective nature of Pain and self describing varies among kids. The survey concluded that dental hurting and its impact among kids is associated with gender, brushing behaviour, ingestion of Sweets and deciduous dental cavities experience asking farther actions to be taken to relieve the hurting, and, on an on-going footing to measure the effectivity of these actions. 1.5.Reference based survey from northern England. Br Dental Journal.2002 ; 193: 99 – 103.